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What Does the Future Hold for Concussion Treatment? Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals May Have Some Neuromedicine Insights

According to the Centers for Disease Control, nearly three million people seek emergency room care for brain injuries each year. Likewise, evidence continues to mount showing how detrimental some sports (soccer, football, hockey, etc.) may be to the brain. In fact, a recent radiology report indicates youths playing football have brain MRI changes after a single season. Given this information, there is clearly a desperate need for concussion symptoms treatment. Fortunately, Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is one company that’s taking on this challenge. This neuromedicine startup might have discovered an approach that may dramatically change concussion symptoms treatment for the future.

Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals Set to Begin Human Drug Trials

James Lechleiter, co-founder of Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals actually discovered the company’s concussion symptoms treatment drug over a decade ago. The original research began while he was at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center in San Antonia. However, Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals was not founded until 2014. Lechleiter partnered with William Korinek, former VP of Research and Development Business Operations at Pfizer. The two decided to begin their own start-up, and things have taken off since.

Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals has now acquired significant startup funding from a variety of sources.

In addition to $2.3 million obtained during pre-A round funding, Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals recently received a $3 million grant from NIH. Because of this ,the company plans to begin Phase I trials of its concussion symptoms treatment in 2020. Based on drug trials in laboratory mice, Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals has seen promising results.

When mice receive the concussion symptoms treatment within an hour of blunt trauma, positive effects are evident. If the human trials show the same effects, Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals could completely change current head trauma care.

Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals Approach to Concussion Symptoms Treatment

In terms of Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals neuromedicine approach, their concussion symptoms treatment is unique. When a concussion or brain injury occurs, several things can happen. Nerve fibers may tear or twist from the impact itself. Inflammatory proteins and chemicals may flood an area and cause damage. These effects occur within seconds to hours after injury, and attempts to reduce these effects to date have been ineffective. Ideally, a concussion symptoms treatment would be able to reduce these harmful effects and promote healing immediately.

For Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals, their potential concussion symptoms treatment involves the company’s namesake…the astrocyte. Astrocytes are the brain’s caretaker cells that help repair injury and reduce inflammation.

Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals has thus developed a small molecular drug that stimulates astrocytes to “do their thing.” By boosting astrocytes’ energy systems, their concussion symptoms treatment hopes to reduce the potential damage brain injuries might cause.

Future Concussion Symptoms Treatment – A Recipe of Neuromedicines?

Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals is part of a handful of companies exploring new concussion symptoms treatments. For example, Oxeia, based in San Diego, is testing Ghrelin as a potential neuroprotective agent in brain injury. Likewise, Prevacus, based in Tallahassee, is experimenting with alternative forms of inhaled progesterone for the same purpose. Depending on pending drug trials, any of these agents may offer new hope for concussion symptoms treatment. Moreover, Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals’ drug may simply be a part of a neuromedicine “cocktail” individuals receive after a head injury.

Today, there is a growing recognition of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) as a serious condition. CTE can cause a number of problems for individuals including serious cognitive and emotional disturbances. While prevention remains a priority, it is also important for new concussion symptoms treatments to be developed as well. Hopefully, Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals and other startups will soon offer better options of care for those suffering from head injuries. As a result, many of the devastating consequences often seen can hopefully be avoided.

The Time May Not Be Right for Arrivo, But Its Bold Concept Will Endure

It was a bold concept, and it captured the imagination. The idea: ultra-fast transportation, cutting commute times with cutting-edge technology. For Elon Musk’s heavily hyped Hyperloop, that meant trains traveling at astronomical speeds over great distances within low-pressure vacuum tubes. But for Arrivo, the underlying science was tweaked – instead of friction-less vacuum tubes, locomotion would come via magnetic fields. The distances covered would be shorter, but the trains could take passengers, cargo, or even cars. That’s right, Arrivo transportation could’ve meant driving your car onto a pod and zooming past traffic. It’s a bold notion and a fantastic angle of attacking urban transportation problems.

Sadly, all signs are pointing toward an untimely end for Arrivo itself. But the Arrivo transportation concept is too bold to die an ignominious death. The time may not be right for Arrivo transportation, but its underlying concept is certain to endure.

Birth of a Concept

After centuries of civilization, mankind hasn’t quite yet managed to solve the riddle of urban transportation problems although there are a growing number of breakthroughs. In New York City, that means a crumbling infrastructure of out-of-service subways and frustrated commuters. In Washington, DC, or Los Angeles, or even Chicago, that means soul-breaking traffic. But Musk, ever the visionary, began talking of lightning-fast subterranean trains, and the “Hyperloop” discussion began. Soon, The Boring Company and Hyperloop Transportation Technologies were born, their modus operandi focused on researching and developing solutions to those urban transportation problems.

And, so too was Arrivo born – albeit, from a conflagration that nearly consumed the projects.

A couple years after co-founding Hyperloop Technologies in 2014, executive Brogan BamBrogan exited the company on the heels of a lawsuit alleging abused funds and labor code violations. But the idea of futuristic train transport was too strong of a concept to leave behind. Hence, the formation of Arrivo.

How Arrivo Was Different

Though the goal was the same – to solve urban transportation problems with high-speed transportation – the two companies differed in their solutions.

Whereas Hyperloop would cram passengers into pods that float on thin cushions of air in vacuum tubes, the Arrivo transport would use a magnetized track system. That fundamental difference would mean that Hyperloop trains could travel at up to 700mph. Arrivo transport, meanwhile, would top out around 200 mph but could utilize existing infrastructure.

In addition, the intended distances traveled by Hyperloop trains would be far greater. Want to get to a neighboring state in record time? Hop on the Hyperloop. Want to zip past all the traffic on the highway in the comfort of your own car and get to the airport in record time? Welcome to Arrivo transport.

Requiem for a Train

Things were on track for Arrivo (note: pun intended). They were setting up shop in Colorado, working with the state’s Department of Transportation on a feasibility study, and planning to construct a test track along the E-470 toll road. But then, last week, the train derailed.

As per the Verge:

Futuristic transportation startup Arrivo shut down its operations this week, The Verge has learned. All of the company’s 30 or so employees were furloughed in late November, with about half being completely laid off at the end of that month, according to two employees who were granted anonymity because they signed non-disclosure agreements. Now, the Los Angeles startup is shutting down because it hasn’t been able to secure new funding, these people say.

BamBrogan was never that transparent about the price tag attached to Arrivo. However, Forbes estimated the cost of the Hyperloop One to be around $121 million/mile. Meanwhile, California’s high-speed rail project is expected to cost around $68 billion to complete. The Arrivo transport package was assumed to come at a similar price.

Arrivo transportation would've made trips to the airport so much easier.
If the notion of skipping past traffic while your car sits on a high-speed train appeals to you… well, that’s Arrivo’s concept.

An Enduring Concept 

The Arrivo transportation project may be dead for now, but its concept is too intriguing to stay dead. Because although rocketing through a deep tunnel to a distant location has appeal, it pales in comparison to the idea of sitting in your car on a train whizzing past traffic. As futures go, the latter scenario just seems so much more feasible – Arrivo’s success notwithstanding.

No Hyperloop trains have been completed yet. But the notion of solving urban transportation problems with futuristic trains has captured the imagination, so the public waits. And the wait may be a while, what with the massive tunnels that must be bored out beneath the Earth. Meanwhile, all those highways that would’ve seen an Arrivo transport lane added to them… they already exist. All it will take is for someone to pick up the conceptual baton that Arrivo has dropped, and run with it.

Arrivo may be off the tracks, but its underlying concept is too bold to ignore.

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